​Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer is a cancer that begins in the two ovaries which are found on either side of the uterus. The ovaries are responsible for the production of eggs as well as the development of female hormones.  

There are three types of ovarian cancers based on the tissues where they are found:

  • Epithelial cell tumours: the most common form of ovarian cancer, this starts in cells that cover the ovaries.

  • Germ cell tumours: this starts in the cells responsible for developing the eggs in the ovary.

  • Stromal cell tumours: this starts in the cells responsible for developing the female hormones in the ovary.

​Risk factors typically associated with ovarian cancer are:

  • Aging more than 55 years

  • Having undergone hormone replacement therapy

  • Infertility or having undergone fertility treatment

  • Personal history of breast or ovarian cancer 

  • Family history of ovarian cancer

  • Smoking

  • ​Obesity


Ovarian cancer often presents with subtle symptoms that can be mistaken for common benign conditions. Key symptoms to be aware of include:

  • Abdominal Bloating or Swelling: Persistent bloating that doesn't go away.
  • Pelvic or Abdominal Pain: Discomfort or pain in the pelvic region.
  • Difficulty Eating or Feeling Full Quickly: A noticeable decrease in appetite or feeling full after eating small amounts.
  • Urinary Symptoms: Urgency or frequency in urination.

Other symptoms may include fatigue, back pain, changes in bowel habits (such as constipation), and unexplained weight loss. If these symptoms are new, persistent, and occur frequently, it is important to consult a healthcare provider.

Consult our Obstetrics and Gynaecology or Oncology experts if you experience:

  • Symptoms that are new and persist for more than a few weeks.
  • A family history of ovarian or breast cancer, which may increase your risk.
Early evaluation can lead to prompt diagnosis and more effective treatment.​
Your time with your doctor may be limited, so make sure to prepare for your visit beforehand. Here are some tips to help get you started.​

Diagnosing ovarian cancer involves several steps:

  • Pelvic Examination: A physical exam to check for abnormalities in the pelvic region.
  • Imaging Tests: Ultrasound or CT scans to visualize the ovaries and detect tumors.
  • Blood Tests: Measuring levels of cancer antigen 125 (CA-125), a protein that can be elevated in ovarian cancer.

  • Surgical Evaluation: If imaging and blood tests suggest cancer, surgery may be performed to obtain a tissue sample for definitive diagnosis and to determine the extent of the disease.​

Treatment for ovarian cancer typically involves a combination of:

  • Surgery: Removing as much of the tumor as possible, which may include the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and surrounding tissues.
  • Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells, often administered after surgery to target any remaining cancerous cells.
The specific treatment plan depends on the type and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health.​

The Aga Khan University Hospital offers various support services to help with managing or recovering from the disease or condition. These include but are not limited to nutrition, physiotherapy, rehabilitation, specialised clinics and some patient support groups. Your doctor or nurse will advise you accordingly.

The Aga Khan University Hospital offers financial assistance to those who are in need and fulfil the eligibility criteria. For further information, you can contact the Patient Welfare Department. You can find the contact number of the Patient Welfare Department in the 'Numbers' section on the website homepage.

The financial counselling staff is available during office hours, at the main PBSD (Patient Business Services Department), to answer your financial queries on treatment costs and authorise admissions on partial deposit as per hospital policies. The financial counsellor in the emergency room is open 24/7. You can find the contact number of the Patient Business Services in the 'Numbers' section on the website homepage.​

Your doctor or nurse will provide specific instructions regarding any prescribed medications. It is essential to follow their guidance carefully. Self-prescribing or altering medication without professional advice can be harmful. Inform your healthcare provider of any past adverse reactions to medications. If you experience symptoms of drug poisoning, overdose, or a severe reaction, contact the Pharmacy Services at The Aga Khan University Hospital immediately. The contact number is listed in the 'Numbers' section on the hospital's homepage.​
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​​The information provided on our website is for educational purposes and not intended to be a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. You should always seek the advice of your doctor or other healthcare professional provider.