Allergies

What causes allergies? 

Allergens are substances that trigger an allergic reaction in some people. When a person with an allergy is exposed to an allergen, their immune system may produce a specific antibody called immunoglobulin E (IgE). This can trigger an inflammatory response, causing symptoms such as swelling, itching, and irritation. Even small amounts of an allergen, inhaled through the air, contacted through the skin, or consumed in food or medicines, can trigger allergic symptoms in sensitive individuals.

What is dust allergy? 

Dust mites are tiny, spider-related organisms commonly found in household dust. They are a common cause of indoor allergies. An allergic reaction to dust mites can cause symptoms such as a runny or blocked nose, itchy and watery eyes, sneezing, skin rashes, wheezing, and coughing. In some people, exposure can also worsen asthma and contribute to sinus symptoms.

Why does household dust cause allergic reactions? 

House dust is a mixture of many allergens. Its content may vary from home to home, but the most common allergy triggers are: 

• Dust mites  

• Cockroaches  

• Mould 

• Animal allergens, such as pet dander

Routine housekeeping alone may not be sufficient to eliminate indoor allergens.

Ways to reduce house dust allergens:

1. Remove wall-to-wall carpets from the bedroom if possible. If you are allergic, wear a special filter mask (N95) while dusting, sweeping, or vacuuming. 

2. Keep pets out of the bedroom at all times.

3. Cover mattresses and pillows with allergen-proof covers designed to prevent exposure to dust mites.

4. Wash all bed linens regularly using hot water. 

5. Avoid leaving food uncovered overnight and use cockroach traps to help control pests.

6. Arrange professional pest control if you have a cockroach infestation. Address dampness and moisture to help prevent mould growth.

What is cockroach allergy? 

Household dust may contain cockroach allergens, even when cockroaches are not visible. These allergens can come from cockroach saliva, droppings, secretions, shed skins, and body parts. They are often found at higher levels in kitchens.

To reduce cockroach exposure: 

• Avoid leaving food uncovered overnight.

• Use cockroach traps.

• Arrange regular professional pest control when needed.

• Keep kitchens clean and store food in sealed containers.

What is mould (fungal) allergy? 

Moulds are fungi that release tiny spores into the air. In people who are allergic to mould, inhaling these spores can trigger symptoms affecting the nose, eyes and sinuses, and may worsen asthma.

Mould is more likely to grow in damp, humid environments. It may be present even when visible growth is not obvious. Damp walls, poorly ventilated areas and food items, particularly fruits, vegetables and bread, can provide suitable conditions for mould growth.

To reduce mould exposure, address leaks and dampness, improve ventilation where possible, and discard food showing signs of mould.

What is pollen allergy? 

Pollen consists of tiny particles released by plants, including grasses, trees and weeds. These particles can become airborne and enter the eyes, nose and respiratory tract, triggering allergic symptoms in susceptible individuals.

Pollen allergy is often seasonal, depending on the types of plants in an area and when they release pollen. Symptoms may include sneezing, a runny or blocked nose, and itchy or watery eyes.

What is food allergy? 

A food allergy occurs when the immune system reacts to a particular food protein. Common food allergens include milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, fish and shellfish. Food allergies are particularly common in young children, although they can develop at any age.

Symptoms may include itching, hives, swelling, vomiting, abdominal pain, or breathing difficulties. Some food allergies, particularly peanut and other nut allergies, can cause a severe, potentially life-threatening reaction called anaphylaxis.

What are skin allergies? 

Skin conditions associated with allergic reactions or hypersensitivity include eczema, contact dermatitis, and urticaria (hives).

• Eczema: A skin condition that causes dryness, itching and inflammation.

• Contact dermatitis: Skin inflammation that develops after contact with an irritating substance or an allergen, such as certain hair dyes, cosmetics, or metals.

• Urticaria (hives): Raised, itchy red or skin-coloured welts that may appear anywhere on the body. Urticaria can have several causes, including infections, certain medicines, and immune system mechanisms. In many cases, no specific cause is identified. It is not always caused by an external allergen. Swelling of the lips, eyelids, or face may also occur. Antihistamines may help relieve the itching and welts associated with urticaria.

In case of a severe allergic reaction, which can be life-threatening, go to a hospital emergency department immediately.