Anaemia

Your blood is made up of three main types of cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Anaemia occurs when your red blood cell count or your haemoglobin level is lower than normal. 

Haemoglobin is the part of the red blood cell that carries oxygen to your body. Doctors use the following ranges to diagnose anaemia. 

Normal haemoglobin ranges: 

• Men: 13.5g/dl to 16.3g/dl 

• Women: 11.5g/dl to 14.5g/dl  

Why does anaemia happen? 

There are several reasons why your red blood cell levels might drop: 

• Blood loss: This can occur due to heavy menstrual bleeding, childbirth, gastrointestinal bleeding, surgery or injury.

• Poor diet: Not eating enough iron-rich foods, especially during pregnancy or breastfeeding. 

• Medical conditions: Certain infections, including malaria and parasitic infections, as well as chronic kidney disease, inflammatory conditions and some cancers, can cause anaemia.

• Cell breakdown: When the body destroys red blood cells faster than it can replace them. This is known as haemolysis. 

• Genetic factors: Thalassemia minor is an inherited condition common in Pakistan that can lead to anaemia. People with thalassaemia trait (minor) may have smaller-than-normal red blood cells and sometimes mild anaemia. More severe forms of thalassaemia can cause significant anaemia.

What are the signs and symptoms of anaemia? 

• Weakness and low-grade fever  

• Lethargy and fatigue  

• Pallor  

• Rapid pulse and respiration  

• Swollen feet  

• Difficulty in breathing  

• Loss of appetite  

• Nausea and vomiting  

• Dizziness  

How is anaemia diagnosed and treated? 

Diagnosis 

Your doctor will review your medical history, perform a physical exam, and order laboratory blood tests to check your haemoglobin levels. 

Treatment 

• Medications prescribed by the physician, such as iron supplements. 

• Balanced diet. 

• Treatment of the underlying cause of anaemia. 

How can I lower my risk of getting anaemia? 

Take an adequate diet from all four food groups: 

• Cereal  

• Dairy products  

• Meat/fish  

• Fruits and vegetables  

Incorporate an iron-containing diet (liver, red meat, green leafy vegetables, beans, and chickpeas). You may also consult a dietitian for further improvement. 

Follow-up 

Follow your doctor’s prescriptions: 

• A regular check of your haemoglobin estimation as recommended by your doctor. 

• Maintain a healthy diet. 

• It is important that you keep your clinic appointments so that your doctor can monitor your progress and make sure that you are recovering safely.