Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)
Intrauterine growth restriction is a disorder whereby an unborn baby is smaller than his/ her expected weight because the foetus is not growing at a normal rate inside the mother’s womb. Usually, foetal weight below the tenth percentile, as indicated with the help of an ultrasound, is considered to be intrauterine growth restriction. Often, a baby who is not as big as expected may be so because of the stature of the parents, and will be perfectly normal. Such foetuses are said to be ‘constitutionally small’.
There could be numerous causes of IUGR, the most common being problems with the placenta, which is the tissue joining the mother to the foetus and which supplies oxygen and nutrients to the baby. If the placenta has not developed or isn’t attached properly, the foetus may not be able to grow properly. Other possible causes include:
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Umbilical cord abnormalities
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Gestational diabetes in the mother
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Low levels of amniotic fluid
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Drug abuse, smoking or alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy
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Infections passed on by the mother
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Health problems or disorders in the mother, such as sickle cell anaemia, heart disease or high blood pressure, kidney or lung disease
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A malnourished or anaemic mother
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Living in high altitudes
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Multiple pregnancies
Depending on the cause of intrauterine growth restriction, a foetus may be small all over (symmetric IUGR), or his/ her head may be normal while the rest of the body may be small (asymmetric IUGR).
