Emphysema is a chronic lung disease that develops after many years of smoking. There is destruction of the fragile walls and elastic fibres of alveoli, which are small sacs of air (like a bunch of grapes) found at the end of your airways. Normally, alveoli function similar to a balloon; they expand when filling with fresh air, oxygen goes into your blood in exchange for carbon dioxide, and then they contract to push out the used air. The walls of these alveoli are the primary interface for absorption of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide from your body. Once the inner walls of these air sacs get ruptured, it creates one large air space instead of many small ones, so the surface area of the lung decreases, reducing the amount of oxygen reaching the bloodstream. Emphysema is a component of a complex lung disease known as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).

Emphysema can be also be caused by extensive exposure to air-borne irritants like marijuana smoke, industrial fumes and other air pollutants. In rare cases, it is caused by a deficient protein responsible for elasticity in the lungs. Predominance is seen in males between the ages of forty and sixty. Complications can evolve, such as pneumothorax (air trapped outside the lung underneath the chest wall) and heart disorders (because of the rise in back pressure in arteries connecting your heart to your lungs).

When to seek expert advice

If you are experiencing shortness of breath for a prolonged period of time, and it is adversely interfering in your daily activities, arrange an appointment with your physician early. The Section of Pulmonology and Critical Care at The Aga Khan University Hospital, offers quality health care and a range of treatment options. However, you should visit the Department of Emergency Medicine at The Aga Khan University Hospital if:

Your shortness of breath is making you incapable of breathing normally at rest
Your lips or fingernails turn blue or gray with exertion or at rest
You do not feel mentally attentive

Disclaimer

The information provided on our website is for educational purposes and not intended to be a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. You should always seek the advice of your doctor or other healthcare professional provider.