​Endometriosis​​

Endometriosis is a disorder experienced by women who have menstrual periods. The inner lining of the uterus is called the endometrium. This is normally shed during a woman’s monthly menstrual cycle through her vagina. If you are suffering from endometriosis, this lining develops in other places such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina or the intestine. 

The exact cause of endometriosis is not known, but it is believed to occur when the uterus lining moves backwards through the fallopian tubes and passes through the pelvic cavity, which is the space inside the pelvis containing the reproductive organs. The endometrium may form on the surface of the reproductive organs, and bleed out during the menstruation cycle. This causes the surrounding tissues to become inflamed. It may also cause formation of scar tissues as well as cysts in the ovaries. ​

A common reason for endometriosis is thought to be surgery. Sometimes a c-section or hysterectomy (surgical removal of the uterus) may cause these endometrial cells to attach themselves to the scar. It may also be due to an immune system disorder, in which case your body’s immune system is unable to identify and destroy abnormal endometrial cells.​​​


The symptoms of endometriosis vary, with some individuals experiencing severe discomfort and others having no noticeable symptoms. Common signs include:

  • Pelvic Pain: Often associated with menstruation and can be severe.
  • Pain During Intercourse: Discomfort or pain during or after sexual activity.
  • Painful Bowel Movements or Urination: Especially during menstrual periods.
  • Excessive Bleeding: Heavy menstrual periods or spotting between cycles.
  • Infertility: Difficulty conceiving due to scarring and adhesions.
  • Fatigue, Nausea, and Bloating: Accompanying pelvic pain.​

Consult our Obstetrics and Gynaecology or Endocrinology experts if you experience:

  • Severe menstrual cramps that interfere with daily activities.
  • Pain that persists despite over-the-counter pain relief.
  • Difficulty conceiving after trying for a year.
  • Symptoms that worsen over time.

Early diagnosis can help in managing symptoms and improving quality of life.

Your time with your doctor may be limited, so make sure to prepare for your visit beforehand. ​Here are some tips to help get you started. ​​​​

Diagnosis of endometriosis may involve:

  • Pelvic Examination: Checking for abnormalities such as cysts or scar tissue.
  • Ultrasound: Imaging tests to identify ovarian cysts related to endometriosis.
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Detailed imaging to assess the extent of the disease.
  • Laparoscopy: A surgical procedure in which a small camera is inserted into the abdomen to confirm the diagnosis and assess severity.​

Treatment for endometriosis focuses on managing pain and improving fertility, and may include:

  • Pain Management: Over-the-counter pain relievers such as NSAIDs (ibuprofen) to manage discomfort.
  • Hormonal Therapy: Birth control pills, progestin therapy, and Gn-RH agonists to slow the growth of endometrial tissue.
  • Surgical Intervention: Laparoscopic surgery to remove endometrial implants and adhesions.
  • Fertility Treatment: Assisted reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), for those experiencing infertility.
  • Lifestyle Modifications: Dietary changes, exercise, and stress management techniques to alleviate symptoms.​

The Aga Khan University Hospital offers various support services to help with managing or recovering from the disease or condition. These include but are not limited to nutrition, physiotherapy, rehabilitation, specialised clinics and some patient support groups. Your doctor or nurse will advise you accordingly.

The Aga Khan University Hospital offers financial assistance to those who are in need and fulfil the eligibility criteria. For further information, you can contact the Patient Welfare Department. You can find the contact number of the Patient Welfare Department in the 'Numbers' section on the website homepage.

The financial counselling staff is available during office hours, at the main PBSD (Patient Business Services Department), to answer your financial queries on treatment costs and authorise admissions on partial deposit as per hospital policies. The financial counsellor in the emergency room is open 24/7. You can find the contact number of the Patient Business Services in the 'Numbers' section on the website homepage.​

Your doctor or nurse will provide specific instructions regarding any prescribed medications. It is essential to follow their guidance carefully. Self-prescribing or altering medication without professional advice can be harmful. Inform your healthcare provider of any past adverse reactions to medications. If you experience symptoms of drug poisoning, overdose, or a severe reaction, contact the Pharmacy Services at The Aga Khan University Hospital immediately. The contact number is listed in the 'Numbers' section on the hospital's homepage.​​

​​​The information provided on our website is for educational purposes and not intended to be a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. You should always seek the advice of your doctor or other healthcare professional provider.​