​Spina Bifida

Spina bifida is a birth defect that occurs as a result of abnormal formation of a baby's backbone (spine), causing the nerves that branch out of it to be damaged. The bones (vertebrae) and/or skin surrounding the spine may be malformed, leading to serious infections, problems with bladder and bowel function, and, in serious cases, paralysis.

The medical condition occurs because of problems with the neural tube, which is an early form of the spinal cord in an embryo and usually forms early in the pregnancy and closes by the twenty-eighth day after conception. In some embryos, the neural tube may not form properly or may not close completely resulting in defects in the spinal cord and bones and tissues of the spine. Most cases of spina bifida occur in the lower back.

Children with spina bifida have a gap between their backbone and spinal canal. In some cases, the defect manifests as a visible opening in the back, through which a portion of the spinal cord and the meninges, the membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord spinal cord may push through (spina bifida aperta). These may be visible as a sac along the spinal canal, covered with a thin layer of skin.

In other cases, the defect may not be visible and remains hidden under the skin (spina bifida occulta). Many people with this mild form of spina bifida may not even know they have this disorder as it doesn't cause any neurological symptoms.

Low levels of the vitamin folic acid during pregnancy are believed to be a cause of spina bifida. However, it may also occur in mothers who took pre-natal vitamins, though the cause of this is not known. It is also believed that viral infection, certain medications, and environmental conditions, such as radiation, also may also contribute to this disorder.  ​​



The symptoms of spina bifida depend on the type and severity of the condition and may include:

  • Muscle weakness or paralysis in the lower limbs
  • Bowel and bladder problems due to nerve involvement
  • Hydrocephalus, an accumulation of fluid in the brain
  • Orthopedic issues, such as scoliosis or foot deformities
  • Visible signs, such as an abnormal tuft of hair, dimple, or sac-like protrusion on the back

Mild cases may go unnoticed, while severe cases can cause significant disability.

Consult our Paediatric Neurology, Paediatric Neonatology and Orthopaedic Surgery experts if:

  • A visible abnormality, such as a sac or dimple, is noticed on a newborn's spine
  • Your child has persistent weakness in the legs
  • Bowel or bladder control issues arise
  • Developmental delays or difficulty with motor skills occur

Early detection and intervention can significantly improve quality of life and prevent complications.​

Your time with your doctor may be limited, so make sure to prepare for your visit beforehand. Here are some tips to help get you started.​

Spina bifida is diagnosed through:

  • Prenatal Screening: Blood tests and ultrasound during pregnancy to detect neural tube defects
  • Amniocentesis: A test that examines a sample of amniotic fluid to confirm diagnosis
  • Postnatal Imaging: X-rays, MRI, or CT scans to evaluate spinal abnormalities

These tests help determine the severity and guide treatment options.

Treatment for spina bifida varies depending on severity and may include:

  • Surgical repair to close the spinal defect, either prenatally or after birth
  • Physical and occupational therapy to improve mobility and functionality
  • Assistive devices, such as braces or wheelchairs, to support movement
  • Management of associated conditions, such as hydrocephalus or bladder dysfunction

A multidisciplinary approach helps address the various challenges associated with spina bifida.​

The Aga Khan University Hospital offers various support services to help with managing or recovering from the disease or condition. These include but are not limited to nutrition, physiotherapy, rehabilitation, specialised clinics and some patient support groups. Your doctor or nurse will advise you accordingly.

The Aga Khan University Hospital offers financial assistance to those who are in need and fulfil the eligibility criteria. For further information, you can contact the Patient Welfare Department. You can find the contact number of the Patient Welfare Department in the 'Numbers' section on the website homepage.

The financial counselling staff is available during office hours, at the main PBSD (Patient Business Services Department), to answer your financial queries on treatment costs and authorise admissions on partial deposit as per hospital policies. The financial counsellor in the emergency room is open 24/7. You can find the contact number of the Patient Business Services in the 'Numbers' section on the website homepage.​

Your doctor or nurse will provide specific instructions regarding any prescribed medications. It is essential to follow their guidance carefully. Self-prescribing or altering medication without professional advice can be harmful. Inform your healthcare provider of any past adverse reactions to medications. If you experience symptoms of drug poisoning, overdose, or a severe reaction, contact the Pharmacy Services at The Aga Khan University Hospital immediately.
The contact number is listed in the 'Numbers' section on the hospital's homepage.​
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The information provided on our website is for educational purposes and not intended to be a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. You should always seek the advice of your doctor or other healthcare professional provider.​